{"id":2554,"date":"2026-04-13T19:01:30","date_gmt":"2026-04-13T19:01:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/?p=2554"},"modified":"2026-04-13T19:05:03","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T19:05:03","slug":"%d9%86%d9%82%d8%b5-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ae%d9%84%d9%82%d9%8a","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/?p=2554&lang=en","title":{"rendered":"Primary Immunodeficiencies"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>What is Primary Immunodeficiency (Primary PIDs)?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) are rare disorders that present acutely. Those at the severe end of the spectrum can expose infants and children to less frequent infections, but severe primary immunodeficiency leads to life-threatening infections for the affected individual.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>How does a patient develop primary immunodeficiency disorders?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">These disorders are mostly inherited as single-gene disorders. They occur in early childhood, affecting infants, with the exception of common variable immunodeficiency, which usually occurs in adults. Genetic deletion mutations that regulate stem cell differentiation have been identified, and more than 150 immune disorders have been recognized.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>How common are primary immunodeficiency disorders?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">The overall estimated incidence of symptomatic primary immunodeficiency disorders is 1\/10,000. About 80% of patients are under 20 years of age when diagnosed. This is because the majority of cases result from genetic or congenital factors. In many cases, 70% of cases occur in males, as most cases are inherited or congenital. 70% occur in males due to X-linked recessive inheritance.<\/span><\/p>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>What are the causes of secondary immunodeficiency?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">It is known that the current HIV\/AIDS and tuberculosis pandemics have led to an increase in cases suffering from this disease worldwide. Secondary immunodeficiency is also a condition seen in people with various conditions, including:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia and multiple myeloma.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Drugs and medications: Cytotoxic drugs and immunosuppressants, including steroids.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">HIV, which affects T cells.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">The most common cause worldwide is malnutrition resulting from protein-energy deficiency and deficiencies of vitamins and trace elements, especially vitamin A, zinc, and selenium.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Long-standing metabolic disorders accompanied by failure of liver and kidney function and associated with immunity.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Immunoglobulin loss can result from several conditions, including nephrotic syndrome and protein-losing enteropathy.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>What are the main features of primary immunodeficiency disorders?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify;\" start=\"1\">\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Recurrent infections are one of the most common main features and symptoms indicating the possibility of acquired immunodeficiency.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">The classic picture consists of recurrent episodes of pharyngitis or upper respiratory tract infection leading to otitis media, chronic sinusitis, and bronchitis.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Another feature is the ease with which complications develop. For example, bronchitis progressing to pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and respiratory failure.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Opportunistic infections are common, such as\u00a0<em>Pneumocystis jirovecii<\/em>\u00a0pneumonia or cytomegalovirus.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Frequent infections of the skin and mucous membranes occur, including resistant thrush and mouth and gum ulcers.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Common gastrointestinal symptoms include diarrhoea, malabsorption, and failure to thrive. The diarrhoea is usually not infectious, though a range of organisms may have an effect, including rotavirus,\u00a0<em>Giardia lamblia<\/em>, and\u00a0<em>Cryptosporidium<\/em>.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Less commonly, haematological abnormalities can occur, such as autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">Neurological problems such as epilepsy and encephalitis, as well as autoimmune diseases such as arthritis and vasculitis, may also be observed.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p class=\"ds-markdown-paragraph\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>How is immunodeficiency diagnosed?<\/strong><\/span><br \/>\n<span style=\"font-size: 14pt;\">The immune system is not contained within a single organ, and immune system cells can be found throughout the body. These cells can be measured by taking a blood sample, and their ability to function correctly can be analysed in laboratory tests. In addition, microscopic analysis of blood, bone marrow, and lymph nodes can provide highly important information. Genetic analysis is often necessary to identify a specific immunodeficiency.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What is Primary Immunodeficiency (Primary PIDs)?<br \/>\nPrimary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) are rare disorders that present acutely. Those at the severe end of the spectrum can expose infants and children to less frequent infections, but severe primary immunodeficiency leads to life-threatening infections for the affected individual.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2553,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[64],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2554","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-allergic-diseases"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/Immunodeficiencies.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2554","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=2554"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2554\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2556,"href":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2554\/revisions\/2556"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/2553"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=2554"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=2554"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/dr-yaser.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=2554"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}